Norway will open talks with France on joining its nuclear umbrella, French President Emmanuel Macron and Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Stoere said on Wednesday, reflecting growing European concerns about relying on the United States for security.
The move signals a shift by Norway, long a staunch Atlanticist that has relied heavily on NATO and the U.S. nuclear umbrella, towards closer defence cooperation within Europe.
Macron and Stoere announced the plan at a meeting in Paris, where they also signed a broader defence agreement which includes Norway joining a French-led nuclear weapons initiative.
Stoere said Norway’s primary deterrence would remain the NATO alliance and the United States, but described France’s nuclear capabilities as “an important contribution” to the alliance’s overall posture.
“France’s capabilities are an important contribution to NATO’s deterrence posture, which is important for us,” Stoere said.
Under the plan, Norway would take part in what France calls “forward nuclear deterrence”, under which European partners are more closely involved in French strategic thinking on nuclear defence.
“This agreement establishes a principle of mutual assistance between our two countries,” Macron said, adding that deeper cooperation would support Europe’s ambitions for greater strategic autonomy.
The initiative comes as European countries seek to strengthen their own defence capabilities amid doubts about long-term U.S. commitments and heightened tensions with Russia.
In March, France offered to extend the protection of its nuclear umbrella to other European countries which, in practice, means that an attack on a country could trigger a French nuclear response.
Norway becomes the latest country to receive France’s nuclear protection, after Poland and Lithuania, which also share borders with Russia.
Stoere told Norwegian news agency NTB earlier on Wednesday that no nuclear weapons will be deployed in Norway in peacetime.
The Nordic nation of 5.6 million inhabitants is a member of NATO, but not of the European Union, and shares a border with Russia in the Arctic.
“This closer cooperation will make European and transatlantic security stronger. Together, we are enabling a burden shift. It was long before Trump that this became necessary, that Europe had to pay more and do … wiser investments, not only country by country, but coordinated,” Stoere said.
Russia and the U.S. are the world’s biggest nuclear powers, with over 5,000 nuclear warheads each. China has about 600, France has 290 and Britain 225, according to the Federation of American Scientists.
A total of 10 countries are participating in the French nuclear deterrence initiative: France, the UK, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Greece and Norway.
The French initiative reflects the fact that the security situation in Europe has become more challenging. This is a new development in France’s nuclear policy that highlights the European dimension.
France has consulted with the US and NATO on the initiative. The initiative is an example of how Europe is taking greater responsibility for its own security. The dialogue on the French nuclear deterrence initiative will not alter the main features of Norwegian nuclear policy.
The principle that there are to be no nuclear weapons on Norwegian soil in peacetime remains unchanged. Norway will also continue to work to promote arms control and non-proliferation.
